MUXUU YAHAY NIDAAMKA FEDERAALKU?

Federaalku  waa  nidaam  dowladeedkaasoo  awoodda  dowladda  dastuurka  dalku  u qeybiyo  dowladda  dhexe  iyo  dowlad  goboleedyada.  Maamul goboleedyadu  waxayleeyihiin  meekhaan  maamul  hoosaad  ah,  oo  waxay  haystaan xukun  hoosaad  ay gobolladooda  kumaamulaan. Awoodaha  ay  ku  shaqeeyaan  dowlad  goboleedyadu dowladdadhexe  ma  siiso.Awoodahooda  waxay  ka  helaan  dastuurka  dalka  u  yaalla. Dowladda qaab kaan ah waxay ka duwan tahay nidaamka unitary ga kaasoo awoodaha dowladda oo dhan uu gacanta ugu jiro dowladda dhexe oo kaliya. Ma jiro nidaam dastuuri ah  oo  awoodaha  u  qaybiniya  dowladda dhexe  iyo  maamul  goboleedyada  nidaamka unitary  ga  mid  kaasoo  kaduwan  midka  fadaraalka  ah.

Nidaamka  fadaraalka  ah awoodaha  dalka  lagu  maamulo  waxaa  loo  qaybiyaa  dowladda  dhexe  iyo  dowlad goboleedyada  xubnaha  ka  ah  waddanka  fadaraalka  ah.Labada  dhinac  midkastaa awoodihiisa  wuxuu  ka  helaa  dastuurka  dalka  u  qoran.  Mid  mid  ku  xad  gudbikaraana majiro  sababtoo  ah  sharciga  dalka  u  dhigan  baa  xad  dastuuri  ah  u sameeyey, awoodahooduna xudduud bay kala leeyihiin.Habka dowliga ah ee kor ku qoranwaddankii uu ka jiro waa dal fadaraal ah.Waa nidaam awooduhu u qaybsan yihiin dowladda dhexe iyo dowlad goboleedyada. 

Fadaraalku waa xeelad siyaasadeed oo lagu doonayo in la iswaa fajiyo midnimada qaranka, awoodaha oo la qaybsado, iyadoo la taageerayo xuquuqa dalka. Waana midnimada,jiritaankadalka iyo awoodaha gaarka ahdowladda dhexe ee fadaraalka ah. Awoodaha dowladda dhexeeefadaraalka  ahgaarka  u  ah  waa  siyaasaddaarrimaha  dibadda,  gaashaandhigga,dhaqaalaha, amnigaiyo horumarinta kaabashaaya dhaqaalaha (infrastructure). Maamul goboleedyada  dalka  fadaraalka  uu  ka  kooban  yahay  ma  rabaan  in  ay  ka  tanaasulaan awoodahooda dastuurku uusiiyey ama siinayo.Haddii ay awoodahooda dowladda dhexe siiyaan, xukun hoosaadkii baa meesha ka baxaya.Markaas waxaaimaanaya nidaamka unitaryga meeshana waxaa ka baxaya nidaamka fadaraalka ah.Sidee buu ku yimaada nidaamka fadaraalka?Nidaamka fadaraalka ah wuxuu ku yimaadaa labada qodob ee soo socota:-

1.Waxaa  samayn  kara  waddammo  dhowr  ahoo  madax  bannaan  oo  ah  kuwocaalamku aqoonsan yahay ah, kuwaa sooka tanaasula awoodahooda qaar ka mid ahsi ay u helaan dowlad dhexe oo cusub eeiyaga ka dhaxaysa. Markii ay iskudarsamaan waxaa samaysmaya waddan weyn oo xoog badan, iyagana maamul hoosaad  iyo  mid  kasta  magac  u  gaar  ah  ayaa  la  siiyaa.  Sidaas  waxaa  u samaysmay dalka Maraykanka 1789.2.Fadaraalku wuxuu kaloo ku yimaadaa markiiwaddan nidaamka unitaryga ahuu u kala  burburo  tiro  maamul  goboleedyo  ah,  kuwaa  soo  marka  dambe  iyagu isuyimaada  kuna  heshiiya  nidaamka  fadaraalka  ah.  Sidaas  markii  ay  dhacdo waxaa  dhasha  dalfadaraal  ah.  Sidaasna  waxaa  ku  samaysmay  dalka  Canada 1867.  Tilmaamaha ama astaamaha u gaarka ah Fadareeshanka.

1.Awoodaha oo laQabsado:Dowlad  goboleedyada  fadaralku  ka  kooban  yahaywaxay    raabaanin  ay  dano badan iyo maslaxooyin badan ka helaan dowlad ay wada leeyihiin oo u dhaxaysa, faa’iidooyin ay ku kifaaxaan bayna dowladdaasi u leedahay iyaga.Laakiinisla markaasnawaxay ku   dhagan   yihiin   kuna   adkaysanayaan   in   ay   haystaan magacyadooda  iyo  maamuladooda  u  gaarka  ah.  

Fikarka fadaraalku wuxuu  ku dhisan  yahay  in  la  haysto  midow  iyadoo  midnimadiinakhatar  ku  jirto.  Sidaas daraadeed,awoodaha ayaa loo qaybiyaa dowladda dhexe iyo dowladaha maamul goboleedyada.  Dowlad  kastaa,  fadaraalka  ama  dowlad  goboleed,  waxaalaga dhigay mid u madax bannaan sharciga inta loo xadeeyey. Mid kasta awood sharci iyo  dastuuri  bay  leedahay,  ay u  madax    bannaan  tahay  laakiin  midda  kale shuruucdeeda  iyo  xudduudeeda  sharci    ma  fara  gelin  karro. Ma  jiri  karo fadareeshan  ama  fadaraal  haddii  dowladda  dhexe  iyo  maamul  goboleedyada awoodaha aan loo qaybin.

2.Dastuur adag oo qoran:Dastuurka fadaraalka ama fadareeshankawaa qoran yahay waana adag yahay. Illaa laga dhigo mid qoran, dowladda dhexe  iyo maamul goboleedyada waxaa ka dhex  dhici  kara  muranno  ku  saabsan  xuduudaha  sharci  ee  ay  kala  leeyihiin. Dastuurku waa inuu waliba ahaadaa mid adag oo aan sahal lagu beddeli Karin. Taas waxaa loola jeedaa waa in aan la ogolaan  dastuurkaan in loo beddelo sida sahlan  ee  sharciyada  caadiga  ah  loo  beddelo.Habka  loo  beddeleyo  dastuurka fadaraalka ah waa inuu ahaadaa mid adag. Baahidaan dastuurka fadaraalka inuu ahaado mid adag waxay ka soo baxday xaqiiqada ah haddii si sahlan dastuurka loo beddelo, waxaa yaraanaya awoodihii maamulada xukun hoosaadka haystey ama  waxaaba  meesha  ka  bixi  kara  dowladihii  maamuladu  ay  la  haayeen. Fadaraalkiina halkaas ayuu ku baaba ayaa. Maamul goboleedyadu waligood ma helaan  kalsooni  ah  xukun  hoosaadkooda  in aan  la faragelineyn  ama meeshaba laga saareen haddii baarlamaanka fadaraalka dastuurka si sahlan wax uga beddeli karo. Sidaas awgeed,dastuurka waxaaloo arkaa muqaddes, marka waa inaan si fudud faraha loola gelin.

3.Garsoor Awood Badan oo Madax bannaan:Illaa  markii  la  sameeyeyfadareeshanka waxaa  jira  labo    dowladeed,  inkastoo dastuurku  qeexo  awoodahooda  iyo  xudduudadooda  sharci  ee  ay  kala  leeyihiin,wali waxaa imaan kara muranno ama iskhilaafyo ka dhexkacadowladda dhexe iyo dowladaha  gobolladaama waxay ka dhex dhikaan labo maamul goboleed. Sidaas darteeed,  fadareeshan  kastaa  waxay  leedahay  maxkamad  sare  oo  dastuuri  ah fasirtana  dastuurka  fadaraalkaas,  xalisana  khilaafyada.  Maxkamddaani  waxay ilaalisaa  dastuurka  dalkaas    fadaraalka  ah.  Maxkamaddaasi  waxay  ka  ilaalisaa dowladda  dhexe  iyo  dowlad  goboleedyada  awoodahooda  in  aysan  siyaadsan.Shaqadaan  waxaa  qaban  kara  oo  ka  mira  dhalin  kara  waxaa  weeye garsoor awood badan, madax bannaan, oo dhex dhexaada, kaas oo kali ah baa muranada  sharci ee fadaralka xalin kara.

4.Baarlamaan laba gole ka kooban:Nidaamka fadaraalka baarlamaanka qaranku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba gole.Dadka dalka fadaraalka ah guudahaaniyo maamul goboleedyada wakiillo u gaar ah baa mid kasta geestiisa loo siiyey. Aqalka sare wuxuu wakiil ka yahay maamul goboleedyada.  Aqalka  hoose  wuxuu  matalaa  dadka  waddanka  fadaraalka  guud ahaan.Golahaan  waxaa loo sameeyey ama loo abuuray dadkahalkaas degan ee dalkaas u dhashay oo dhan.Golaha odayaasha ama aqalka sare wakiil wuxuu kayahay  maamul  goboleedyada  tiro  isle’eg  baa  dowladaha  goboladu  ku leeyihiin.Tusaale  ahaan  dalka  Maraykanka  dowlad goboleed  kastaa  labo  qof   iyada  matala  ayey  u  dirsataa,  kulana  leedahaygolaha  senate-ka,  iyadoon  oo eegeen baxaadda gobolkeedaiyo tiradadadka halkaas degan.

5.Madax Bannaanidii hore  ay u Haysteen meeshey ka baxaysaa:Dalalka  ku  midowbay  halka  dal  ee  fadaraalka  ah  eeiyaga dhexeeya,waxay lumiyaan   madax   bannaanidoodii   hore   sababtoo   ah   midow   goodaa   wuxuu abuuriyaadal ama waddan cusub, kaasoo noqonaya mid madax bannaan

.6.Fadareeshanka ama fadaraalka waa la sameeyaa:Fadareeshanka  ma  koro    laakiin  waa  la  sameeyaa.Dalal  madax  bannaana  oo dowlad nimadooda haystey baa waxay ku heshiiyaan iney hal dal noqdaan, sidaas ayey ku sameeyaan fadaralka fadareeshankuna ku samaysmaa. Koris ama wax hoosta laga soo bilaabay samays ku yimid aha.

7.Midow Rasmi ah oo Joogto ah:Astaan taan ama muuqaalkaan baa ka duwa fadareeshanka konfadareeshanka. Konfadareeshanku  waa  midow  jilicsan  oo  kooban  oo  waddamadu  samaystaan.Laakiin fadareeshinka waa midow rasmi ah oo joogto ah.Dhanka nidaamka Uniteriga aan eegno:Nidaanka uniteriga waa mid keliya kaasoo awooda sare ee xukuumiga ahama dowladda dastuurka dalku  uu  siiyo  dowladda  dhexe  oo  keliya,  taasoo  dalka  oo  dhan  xukunta.  Simaamulka  iyo  shaqaduba  habsami  ugu  socdaan  waxaa  dalka  loo  qaybiyaa  Gobollo, gobolladaas  waxaa  loo  sameeya  maamul.Maamulada  gobollada  waxaa madax  looga dhigaa gudoomiyaal gobol, degmooyinka gobollada hoos yimaadawaxaa madax u noqda godoomiyaal  degmo. Dowladda  dhexe  maamulada  gobollada  waxay  siisaa  awoodo  ay wax ku maamulaan. Awoodahaas gobollada la siiyay waa kuwo kooban, kuwaas oo loo kordhin  karo,  laga  yareyn  karo,  lagana  qaadan  karo  markii  la  rabo.  Sababtoo  ah, goballadu xukun hoosaad ma haystaan nidaamkan awoodaha oo dhan dowladda dhexe gacanteedaayey kujiraan. Dadka maamulaya gobollada dowladda dhexe ayaa magacaabata waana wakiiladeeda meelahaas u jooga. Nidaamkan Unitaryga ah, awoodaha dalka oo dhan waxay gacanta ugu  jiraan  xukuumada  dhexe.  Gobollada  iyo  maamuladooduba  waxaay  toos  u  hoos yimaadan dowladda dhexe ee waddanka, waxayna isticmaashaa awood sare, iyadaana lehawoodaha  ugu dambeeyaee dalka. Nidaamkan hadda aan ka hadlayno dalkii leh dastuurkiisu ma ahan mid sare oo adag.  Dowladaha Engiriiska, Faransiiska, Talyaaniga, Iiraan, Beljim, Japan, Masar, Denmaag, Giriiga, iyo Kenya ayaa ka mid ah waddamada nidaamkan uniteryga ah ku dhaqma.Aan dib ugu noqono nidaamka 

Federaalka:Faa’iidooyinka nidaamka fadaraalka ah uu leeyahay.

1.Umidowbidsi nabad ah oo ikhtiyaar ah samaynta dal xoogleh derti:Fadareeshanku  ama  fadaraalku  wxuu  u  suuro  geliyaa  dalalka  yar  yar  in  ay  u midoow baan  si  nabad  ah  oo  ikhtaar  ahsi  ay  u  noqdaa  dal  weyn  oo  xoog  badan.Waqtigaan casriga ahwaxaa u muhiim ama daruuri ah waddani yar yar iney isku biiraan ama isku darsamaan  si  ay  u  noqdan  midow  aad  u  xoog  badan,  si  ay  iyagu    isaga  difaacaan gardarada lidka ku ah iyo in ay miisaan ku yeeshaan arrimaha caalamka.

2.Horumarinta Ilaha Dhaqaalaha:Dowladda  dhexeeefadaraalka  ahwaxay  gudataa  waajibaad  loo  xadadey  fulintooda loonaigmaday, maamul goboleedyada kala duwan>ee fadaraalka waxay awoodaan in ay  keydiyaan  dhaqaale  badan,  iyagoo  yareynaya  tiro  waaxyadooda  maamulka  ka  mid ah.Tusaale   ahan   dowlada   goboleedyada   

waxaa   laga   qaaday   dhaqaalihiidhanka militariga  iyo diblomaasiyadda kaga bixi lahaa.Dariiqaan fadareeshanka wuxuu u suura galinayaa dalalka yaryar in ay ilahooda dhaqaale si wanaagsan u horumariyaan, markii ay ku midoow baan nidaamka fadaraalka ah.

3.Isu keenidmidnima qaran iyoxukun hoosaad:Nidaamka fadaraalka ah wuxuu isu keenay midnimo qaran iyo xukun hoosaad. Sidaas darteed wuxuu aad ugu haboon ama ugu fiican yahay dalalka waaweyn sida Mareykanka, Indiya iwm.Gobollada kala duwan ee dalalka noocaan oo kale ah, waxay si weyn ugu kala  duwan  yihiin  luuqadda,  dhaqanka,  diinta,  iwm.,  waxayna  leeyihiin  baahiyo  kala duwan oo dhaqaale iyo siyaasad ah. Nidaaamka fadaraalku dowlad goboleedyada wuxuu siinayaaxukun hoosaad, dowlad weyn oo fadaraal ah oo gobolada ka dhaxaysana way jireysaa.  Nidaamkaani  wuxuu  iswaafa  jiyey  dowlad  dhexe  ee  qaran  iyo  maamul goboleedyo, gobol walbaa arrimihiisa hoose ku maamusho, raalina uu ku yahay.

4.Shaqadoo qaybsan:Nidaamka  fadaraalka    waxuu  ku  shaqeeyaa  mabda  a  shaqo  qaybsi.  Dadka  maamul goboleedyada  baa  si  sahlan  waxay  u  xaliyaan  dhibaatooyinkaheerka  goboleedka  ah. Aad bay ugu adag tahaydowladda dhexe ee fadaraalka in ay si fiican wax uga qabato dhibaatooyinka   noocaan   oo   kale   ah.   Dowladda   dhexe   waxay   wax   ka   qabataa dhibaatooyinka  muhiimadda  heerka  qaran  leh.  Arrintaan  shaqooyinka  lagu  qaybinayo waxay keentaain maamulku si fiican u shaqeeyo.

5.Jawi Dimoqraadiyadeed:Fadaraalku arrimaha heer gobol wuxuu hoos geeyey maamul goboleedyada.Arrintaani waxay  dhiira  gelisaain  la  daneeyo  waxyaabaha  guud  ee  bulshada.  U  dhiibidda masuuliyadda dadka degan meelaha dowlad goboleedyada, muuliyaddaasiwaxay iyaga siisaa  tababar  faa’iido  u  leh  oo  muwaadilnimo  ah  amawaddaninimo  am.  Sidaas daraadeed,Fadaraalku  wuxuu  caawiyaa  gacanna  ka  geestaa  dimoqraadiyaddu  in  ay shaqeyso.

6.Fikrad ama aragti ah caalamka oo dhan fadareeshan inuu noqdo;Xoogaa taageera yaasha fadaraalkawaxaysheegaan mabaadiida nidaamka fadaraalka ah  inuu  faa’iido  u  yeelan  karo  caalamkaoo  dhanhaddii  hal  fadareeshanlaga dhigo.Caalamka  oo hal dal ah, baa waxay dhaheen,lagu dhisi karaa mabaadiida dowlad nidaamka fadaraaalka ku shaqeysa.Xukuumad guud dal noocaan oo kale ah waxay wax ka  qabaneysa  dhibaatooyina  ka  guud    ee  kala  duwan    ee  dalalka  adduunka,  isla  mar ahaantaas   waxaa   lasiinayaa   waddamada   caalamka   xukun   hoosaad      buuxa   oo arrimahooda  adduunka  ah.  Dal  caalamka  oo  dhan  wuxuu  awoodi  doonaa  wadidda midnimada iyo nabadda caalamka.

7.Ku Fiicnaansho aadah oo bulshada casriga ah:Bulshada  casriga  ah  waxay  noqoneysaa  mid  adag  oo  aan  si  sahlan  lagu  fahmi  Karin, adeeg goodunauu yahay mid soo kordhayaoodhib badan iyo kala wudanaansho weyn oo dhanka dhaqaalaha, arrimaha bulshada, diinta, dhaqanka, garashada, shaqooyinka iyo danokaloo badan. Arrimahaan oo dhan waxaa si sax ah loo ilaalin karaa markii dalku uu ku dhisan yahay fadaraal.Waxyaabaha faa’iida darada ah ee Fadaraalku leeyahay.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dalka fadaraalka a ceebo iyo cillado badan ayuu leeyahay.Waana kuwaanhoos ku qoran:

1.Siyaasadda Arrimaha Dibadda waa mid jilicsan:Sidaay sheegeen qaar ka mid ah dadka wax ka qora arriamaha fadaraalka, waddanka fadaraalka ah ma  awoodo  in  uu fuliyo  ama uu  ku dhaqmo  siyaasad  adag  oo arrimaha dibadda ah. Siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee dalka fadaraalka ah ma aha mid adag ee waa mid jilicsan. Sababtu waxaa weeye dowlad goboleedyadu waxay leeyihiin awood ay sharciyo  ku  sameeyaan,  si  sahlan  bayna  dowladda  dhexe  wajigabax  ugu  sameen karaan,  waxayna  diidayaan  in  ay  ansixiyaan  sharcigii  loo  baahnaa  inlagu  hirgelino heshiis dowladda fadaraalka ay soo gashay. Dowladda dhexe ee Mareykanka inta badan wayku adag tahay in ay hirgeliso siyaabihii lagu fulin lahaa heshiiskii ay gasho.

2.Jileec Arrimaha Gudaha ah:Fadareeshanka  ama  fadaraalka  wax  qabadkiisaa  arrimaha  gudaha  waa  mid  jilicsan marka  la  barbar  dhigo  nidaamka  unitaryga.  Awoodaha  oo  la  qaybiyaa  fadareeshanka dhexdiisa waxay dowladda dhexe u keentaa tabardarro iyo wax qabasho la’aan. Dhanka kale waddanka ama dalka unitaryga ahawoodaha oo dhan waxay ku aruursan yihiin oo la isugu geeyey gacmaha dowladda dhexe.

3.Dastuur Adag:Fadareeshanka  dastuurkiisuu  badanaa  waa  mid  adag  oo  aan  si  sahlan  wax  looga beddeli  Karin.  Natiijaduna  waxay  noqoneysaa  dowladda  dalku  in  ay  wax  ka  qaban waydo xaaladaha isbeddelaya, arrimo iyo duruufo mar walba imaanaya oo u baahan in wax laga qabto iyi in lala socon waayo waqtiyada isbeddelaya. Dalka Mareykanka kuntonka  dowlad  goboleed  ee  ay  leedahay  toban  iyo  saddex  ka  mid  ah(13)  waxay diidi karaan soo jeedin kasta oo dastuurka wax looga beddelayo.

4.Kharashaad Badan:Dowladda  fadaraalka  ah  way  ka  kharash  badan  tahay  midda  nidaamkakale  ee unitaryga  ah.Labonidaam  dowladeedbaa  ka  jira  dalka  fadaraalka  ah  dhexdiisa. Dowlad   goboleed   kasta   oo   ka   tirsan   waddanka   fadaraalka   waxay   leedahaybaarlamaan, gole fulin iyo maxkamadihii garsoorka.

5.Waqtiyada oo dhan awooduhu si sax ah kuwo loo qaybsaday ma noqon karaan:Awoodahaooloo qaybiyo dowladda dhexe iyo dowlad goboleedyada, taa soo sal u ah  fadareeshanka  ma  ahaan  karro    mar  walba  qaybsi  sax  ah.Si  kastoo,  qorshaha hadda ee qaybsiga awooduhu uu u yahay mid sax ah oo dhammaystiran, ma ahaan karo mid saadaaliya baahiyaha, dalabyada, fikradaha iyo isbeddelada mustaqbalka.Wax hadda loo arko in ay muhiim u tahay gobolama muhiimideedu tahay heer gobol baa barito waxay yeelaneysaa muhiimad heer qaran. Laakiin dowladda qaranku ma heli karto awood cusub iyadoon dastuurka wax laga beddelin ama garsoorku uusan fasirin.  Dastuurka  si  dhaqsa  ah  wax  loogama  beddeli  karo  sababtoo  ah  wuu  adag yahay, fasiraadda garsoorkuna waa mid gaabis iyo hawl iska daba wareegeysa ah.

6.Khatar Kalago:Dowlad goboleedyadauu ka kooban yahay fadareeshanku waxa laga yaabaa in ay damcaan ama daneeyaan iney ka go’aan fadaraalka, sababtuna waxay tahay khilaaf soo  kala  dhexgala  dowladda  dhexe  ee  fadaaralka  iyo  mid  ka  mid  ah  dowlad goboleedyada  ama  khilaafyada  iyo  cabashooyinka  mar  walba  ka  dhex  jira  dowlad goboleedyada xubnaha ka ah dalka fadaraalka iyo dowladda fadaraalka, kuwaa soo ku saabsan luuqadaha, dhaqanka, diinta, jinsiga iyo kala duwanaashaha dhaqaale. Maamul goboleed kastaa wuxuu leeyahay dowladiyo dastuur  gaar u ah.Jenjeersiga xagga go’iddu aad bey u xoog badan tahay fadareeshankagudihiisa marka la barbar dhigo  dalka  unitaryga  gudihiisa.  Sidaasdaraadeed,  dalka  fadaraalka  ah  waxaa  muuqda khataro kala go iyo midnimo la’aan. Khatar taan oo kale mar bay halis geliseysoona wajahdey Switzerland 1847 iyo Mareykanka1861. Tusaale ahaan khatar taani waxay u horseeday East Pakistan oo hadda ah Bangladesh in ay Pakistan ka godo 1971.Konfadareeshan:Konfadareeshan  waxaa  lagu  qeexi  karaa  koox  ama  ururlabodal  ama  in  ka  badan  oo dalal  madax  bannaan  kuwaa  soo  si  joogto  ah  qayb  ka  mid  ah  xoriyaddooda  dhiiba, iyadoo laga leeyahay ujeeddooyin iyo dano  gaar ah.Konfadareeshan wuu ka xoog badan yahay isgaashaan buureysi waddamadaxorta ah dhexdooda  ah,  laakiin wuxuu  ka  hooseeyaa  midowka  fadaraalka.  Konfadareeshanka heerkiisu wuu ka jilicsan yahaynidaamkafadaraalka. Konfadareeshan wuxuu yimaadaa markii  hab  lagu  heshiiyey  lagu  sameeyo  xukun  ka  dhaxeeya  dalalka  samaystay nidaamkaan.  Waddamada  uu  ka  kooban  yahay  konfadareeshanka  xorriyaddoodii  iyo madax  bannaanidoodii  ma  dhiibaan.  Urur  kooda  kama  soo  baxo  dal  cusub.  

Ururkaan dalalka leh wuxuu u qabtaa shaqooyin kooban oo kala ah iskaashi dhankasiyaasadda,dhaqaalaha iyo gaashaandhigga.Waddamada  konfadareeshanku ka  kooban  yahay  markii  ay  rabaanway ka  bixiraan ururkoodaan.Gaba Gabadii:Nidaamka fadaraalka ahu faa’iidooyin iyo khasaarooyin intabada waa leeyahay. Dadka wax ka qora fadaraalka qaar ka mid ah baa waxay qabaan faa’iidooyinkiisu in ay ka badan yihiin  khasaarooyinkiisa.  Laakiin  markii  la  fiiriyo  nidaamka  fadaraalka  ah  waxaa  soo baxaysa inuu ku habboonyahay dalalka waaweyn ee dadkoodu kala duwan yihiin meelo badan. Sida luuqadaha, diimaha, dhaqammada iyo qoomiyadaha. Wuxuu faa’iidooyin badan  u  leeyahay  dalalka  waaweyn  ee  dhiyac  yadaas  badan  ku  kala  duwan.  Laakiin faa’iido umalaha waddamada yar yar gaar ahaan dalkii dadkiisu isku luuqad yihiin, isku diin yihiin, isku dhan yihiin isku dadna yihiin.

AXMED CABDDIRAXMAAN SHIIKH NUUR, SENIOR DIPLOMAT,WASAARADDA ARRIMAHA DIBADDA EEJFS.

Pentagon seeks to expand fight against extremists in Somalia

Washington -  The Pentagon wants to expand the military's ability to battle al-Qaeda-linked militants in Somalia, potentially putting US forces closer to the fight against a stubborn extremist group that has plotted attacks against America, senior US officials said.

The recommendations sent to the White House would allow US special operations forces to increase assistance to the Somali National Army in the struggle against al-Shabaab militants in the fragile Horn of Africa nation, the officials said.

They said the proposal would give the military greater flexibility to launch airstrikes against extremists that appear to be a threat.

Beefing up the military effort in Somalia fits with President Donald Trump's broader request for a Pentagon plan to accelerate the US-led battle against the Islamic State group in Iraq and Syria, and defeat other extremist groups, including al-Qaeda and its affiliates.

US concerns about al-Shabaab escalated in recent years as young Americans from Somali communities traveled to training camps in Somalia, raising fears they might return to the United States and conduct terror attacks.

Somalia was one of the seven predominantly Muslim countries included in Trump's travel ban last month.

The executive order has since been suspended by federal courts.

Somalia is "our most perplexing challenge," General Thomas Waldhauser, the head of US Africa Command, said in an interview with The Associated Press.

The United States is "trying to take a look at Somalia from a fresh perspective in the way ahead," he said, describing the need to weaken the decade-old al-Shabaab insurgency so that the African nation's military forces can defeat it.

Waldhauser declined to provide details of the new options that have been proposed.

But other officials said elements include giving US special operations forces greater ability to accompany local troops on military operations against al-Shabaab and easing restrictions on when the US can conduct airstrikes against the group.

The officials weren't authorised to publicly discuss the confidential review and spoke on condition of anonymity

Currently there are about 50 US commandos rotating in and out of Somalia to advise and assist the local troops.

The new authorities could result in a small increase in the number of US forces in Somalia, officials said.

Defense Secretary Jim Mattis has approved the recommendations and sent the plan to the White House earlier this month, they added.

But no final decisions have been made, and the proposal could prove politically sensitive because of the disastrous downing of two US helicopters over Mogadishu in 1993 that killed 18 American troops.

The White House declined to comment, deferring questions to the Defense Department.

Somalia has been without a truly functioning government for two-and-a-half decades. After warlords ousted dictator Siad Barre in 1991, they quickly turned on one another, making Somalia infamous for its extreme rates of violence and the proliferation of pirates operating off its coasts.

Security has improved in recent years as international efforts against al-Shabaab gained ground.

After the bodies of American soldiers were dragged through the streets of Mogadishu when the helicopters were shot down, the US withdrew from the country.

Since then, Islamist hard-liners have vied for power and al-Shabaab's attacks have spread to Uganda and Kenya.

Some of the US officials with knowledge of the new military proposal said it is aimed at improving the US advisory mission because the African Union is planning to pull out its 20 000 peacekeeping forces in Somalia in 2020.

Observers say Somali troops are unprepared to fight the extremist threat on their own.

Currently, US forces can transport and accompany local troops. But they must keep their distance from front lines and can only engage the enemy if they come under attack or if Somali forces are in danger of being defeated.

The new proposal would give US forces the ability to move along with Somali troops into the fight if needed.

While the American military right now can conduct airstrikes in self-defense or to protect Somali troops if they come under attack and request help, the new authorities would be broader.

Officials said that under the new recommendations, the military would be able to launch airstrikes against militants on a more pre-emptive basis. For example, the US could target al-Shabaab fighters gathering for an attack rather than waiting until friendly forces were under fire.

Al-Shabaab has been ousted from most Somali cities and towns, but its suicide bombers continue to kill across large parts of the south and center of the country. That includes Mogadishu, the capital.

Somalia's new president, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, inaugurated on Wednesday, warned that it will take another two decades to "fix" his country. Mohamed, who also holds US citizenship, won election earlier this month as Somalia tries to restore effective governance.

Waldhauser said the US sees an opportunity to work with Mohamed to "train the Somalia national security forces to a level that they can take on al-Shabaab on their own."

Mohamed Abdullahi inaugurated as new Somali president

President promises improvements but asks for patience as the country grapples with threats and a humanitarian crisis.

Somalia's new President, Mohamed Abdullahi, has been inaugurated in the capital Mogadishu, promising to restore dignity to the troubled Horn of Africa nation but warning it will take another two decades to "fix" the country.

"Multiple challenges are ahead of our government. Therefore, I am telling people that because of the limited resources we have, our achievements will be limited," said Mohamed, also known as Farmajo, on Wednesday at the ceremony.

"For the past 26 years there have been conflicts and droughts, so it will take other 20 years to fix this country."

The dual US-Somali citizen and former prime minister was sworn in at a ceremony held in the highly secured airport zone to avoid an attack by the al-Qaeda-linked al-Shabab group, which has threatened a "vicious war" against the new government. 

All major roads and streets inside and outside the capital were blocked and commercial flights were cancelled for security reasons.

Farmajo has already taken office following a handover ceremony last week during which al-Shabab fighters fired mortar shells near the presidential palace, killing two children at a nearby school.

In a sign of the challenges facing his administration, a car bomb at a busy market killed 39 people on Sunday.

His election was met with elation among Somalis, who fondly remember his brief stint as prime minister in 2010-11 which showed him to be a no-nonsense leader set on improving governance and cracking down on corruption.

Somalia in crisis 

Almost 1.4 million children suffering from severe malnutrition could die this year as famine looms in Nigeria, Somalia and Yemen, the UN children's agency said on Monday.

The warning comes a day after government officials and the United Nations declared famine in parts of South Sudan.

Al Jazeera's Catherine Soi, reporting from Mogadishu, said people expect the new president to address security threats and how to deal with the UN's warning that a severe drought has placed large swaths of the country at risk of famine.

"People are eager to know who is going to be his Prime Minister and who is going to be in his cabinet. A president is only as good is the people he surrounds himself with," she said. 

"In the former government, there was a lot of infighting so people are hoping that Farmajo is not going to make that mistake and will select people who are in-lined with his vision and who will help him move this country forward."

Somalia's limited election process, in which only several thousand delegates voted for politicians, is seen as a step towards full democracy for the country, which has not had an effective central government since the collapse of Siad Barre's military regime in 1991, which led to civil war and decades of anarchy.

African Union troops drove al-Shabab fighters out of Mogadishu in August 2011 but the armed group continue to control rural areas and launch repeated attacks in the capital. 

promising to restore dignity to the troubled Horn of Africa nation but warning it will take another two decades to "fix" the country.

Somalia's diaspora poets step into the mainstream

CNN)When Beyoncé dropped her album "Lemonade" in April last year, it blew up the Internet and went platinum around the world. But for Somali poets across the diaspora it symbolized the rise of their art into the mainstream.

Queen Bey interlaced her album with passages of poetry from Warsan Shire, a former Young Poet Laureate of London. A British-Somali poet now based in Los Angeles, Shire weaves together the frictions and contradictions of diasporic life and the pain of leaving your roots behind.

As she puts it in her poem "home": "No one leaves home unless / home is the mouth of a shark." She continues: "You only leave home / when home won't let you stay."

Driven by a connection to a ravaged homeland and the search for self in unfamiliar surroundings, these sentiments underpin an entire generation of young millennial artists coming of age across the Somali diaspora right now.

By using social media, they're taking back the narrative of their motherland and making it their own. Al-Shabaab headlines are being counterpointed with messages of community and hope.

One quick search on YouTube throws up hundreds of videos of young poets talking about their connection to Somalia in Canadian, Swedish or US vernaculars, among many others. These videos reach tens of thousands of people around the world. Artists such as Canadian Hamda Yusuf use TED Talks to broadcast pithy opinions on modern identity, while teenagers rap on the streets of Minnesota lamenting "a loss of respect for their mothers' ways."

British-Somali poet Farah Gabdon is a leading light of this poetry movement, performing for organizations such as the Finnish League for Human Rights and posting to thousands of online fans. In her late 20s, she was raised in England, yet inexorably is linked to her motherland.

"The war destroyed a lot of Somali culture," Gabdon said. "Not just culture, but the expression of it.

"I think it was very traumatic. They lost everything."

Back in Somalia, Gabdon's grandfather was a poet and her dad was a published fiction writer. Then in 1991, the country became engulfed in civil war. More than half the population fled, including Gabdon's family. Poetry got left behind.

But right now, something strange is happening. Members of the diaspora generation are starting to reconnect with their roots. They're starting to talk openly about the effect war and displacement has had on their art and their people's sense of self. Their work is questioning what it means to be a young Somali in 2016.

"I think most of the writing from Somalis in the diaspora is about identity and connecting and finding a place where you fit in," Gabdon said.

"It's my story, but I'm also aware that my story is the same as a lot of other people's," she said. "And I want to tell it in the best possible way through poetry."

Faisal Salah is a 23-year-old British-Somali musician using art to explore his roots and identity. He's at the vanguard of this new wave of Somali poets creating an alternative narrative about their homeland.

"When people see Somalia, we've got all this crap about us," Salah said. "Piracy, extremism, Al-Shabaab. Broken state, Black Hawk Down, Captain Phillips. All of these different things are how we're represented now.

"But for me it's about the nation, the heart and the spirit of the people back home," he said. "Connecting to that, and preserving it in some ways -- it plays such a huge part of who we are."

Like many Somali families, Salah's parents were granted asylum in west London. And like many, they found it hard to adjust. His mother tried to raise the family, while his father struggled to support them.

By exploring his roots through his art, Salah started to find kindred spirits online. These days he performs before tens of thousands at concerts across Europe and in Australia and Indonesia.

"I feel like there's something crucial about this time, in this globalized society," Salah said. "We (the diaspora) know we're not alone now, we can reach out to each other.

"Our cultures and traditions are part of what have manifested us to this point," he said. "And I want to pay homage to it now. Because one day, it might not be here."

I spoke with Gabdon and Salah as part of "Future Somalia," a documentary project I started to profile this phenomenon of resurgent Somali culture among the diaspora. We made a clutch of three short films and posted them on the artists' social networks.

The intention was partly to show how Somali art helps form these artists' identities and partly as a clarion call to members of the diaspora to find out about and embrace their roots. The clips have currently reached more than 50,000 people across the diaspora globally. And they continue to be shared every day.

The "Future Somalia" project aims to show that the idea of home isn't just about the four walls you live within, it's about the ability to express yourself. Art is a vital part of that, and that's what this new generation of Somali artists are starting to discover.

In September, Salah posted a new video on Facebook. It's an honest account of his search for self through music and spoken word.

In the post below his video, he embodied the sense of self-discovery these young artists are finding right now through their work.

He wrote, simply:

This space is mine.
These experiences are mine.
This expression is mine.

Pete Kowalczyk is a journalist and filmmaker interested in subculture and identity. His work has been published by The Guardian, CNN and Dazed.

Somalia's President Mohamed Abdullahi aims to defeat Al-Shabaab in the next two years

Somali president H E  Mohamed Abdullahi Farmaajo has called on African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) to speed up operations against Al-Shabaab fighters.

Farmaajo held a meeting with AMISOM 

commanders and ambassadors of Troop Contributing Countries (TCCs) on Saturday in Mogadishu.The meeting was held to discuss AMISOM operational effectiveness in light of future offensive operations against Al-Shabaab fighters who had been fighting Somali government for nearly a decade.President Farmaajo urged the mission to support Somalia militarily and part the reformation of Somalia’s army.Farmaajo who served as prime minister for only eight months between 2010 and 2011 is known for his move moves to implement regular payments of soldiers and building of the army.

 AU sent its troops to Somalia to back Somalia’s weak government soldiers in 2007.Over 22,000-strong AU forces prop up Somali National Army (SNA) in the fight against militants in central and southern Somalia.

President Farmajo reiterated his government's readiness to work very closely with AMISOM & TCCs to restore peace in Somalia.The Troop Contributing Countries (TCCs) are Burundi, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Kenya, and Uganda

Abdirahman warrsame (rahm)  fallow me at @terrorfreesomal

'I'm directly appealing to Somali people to help me prioritise in solving the fundamental problems...' Pres Farmaajo

Mending the Awkward Farmaajo-Ethiopia Relationship

By Zecharias Zelalem

Mohammed Abdullahi “Farmaajo” has been elected as Somalia’s 9th president. The dual American Somali citizen’s electoral triumph ignited an outpouring of joy and celebration among Somalis both in Somalia and in the diaspora around much of the western world. After most of the past decade saw a host of clan backed corrupted elitists squandering resources in an attempt to keep unproductive leaderships afloat, Farmaajo, who appears to be free from any affiliations with the elitist bigwigs or foreign powers, is a breath of fresh air and a source of optimism for many Somalis.

A newcomer of sorts, he only entered the Somali political scene some seven years or so after giving up a comfortable life in Buffalo, USA employed at the New York State Department of Transportation in Buffalo. Despite the turbulent nature of Somalia’s parliamentary wrangling and the massive task at hand faced by that country’s government, Farmaajo’s approach, a track record of getting things done during his stints in political office and his pan Somali rhetoric has seen him strike a chord with fellow politicians and the general Somali population. After his clinching of the Presidential vote last week and the subsequent jubilant reactions of his compatriots, it wouldn’t be farfetched to say that Mohammed Farmaajo, who got his nickname for his love of cheese growing up, is a leader beloved by the people he is slated to serve. This is a status enjoyed by very few leaders, if any on the African continent..     more

Somalia Mogadishu 2017, Somalia's capital, Mogadishu, H:E Farmaajo will to make Mogadishu and Somalia great again.

Somalia's capital, Mogadishu, has regularly been referred to as "the most dangerous capital city on earth", but as a degree of stability returns to the area, places of peace can be found among the physical destruction and human suffering,,..isha allah.. H:E Farmaajo will to make Mogadishu and Somalia great again
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Who is the 9th President of Somalia H:E Mohamed Abdullahi (Farmajo)

Dual US-Somali citizen who until recently worked for the department of transportation in Buffalo,New York is the New president of Somalia

Somali diplomat,professor, and politician Somali american the 9th and current President of Somalia. He was previously Prime Minister of Somalia from November 2010 until June 2011 and is the founder and Chairman of the Tayo Political Party. He became the President of Somalia after winning the 2017 Somali presidential election with the votes of 184 of the total of 328 members of the Somali Parliament

H:E Mohamed Abdullahi-Farmajo’s has had a long and distinguished career as a civil servant and a community leader. Mohamed started his career in the late 80’s as a diplomat in Washington DC. After moving to Buffalo, New York, he began to actively participating in local issues. In 1992, Mohamed ran a successful campaign for BMHA (Buffalo Municipal Housing Authority) Commissioner against an incumbent. Having run a successful campaign, Mohamed won with the highest voter turnout ever in BMHA Commissioner Elections. During his two year term, he delivered all his campaign promises to his constituency. He brought in new leadership, revamped and improved existing recreational facilities such as swimming pools and opened up new centers for seniors. At the end of his term in 1994, Mohamed ran for reelection and easily won. In 1996, he was appointed by then Buffalo Mayor Anthony Massiello to join City’s Lead Inspection project. The focus of this project was to eradicate Lead in the urban housing of the city. He actively consulted and engaged the affected residents and positively remedied this challenge. During this year, he was also an active participant in the Joel Giambra's successful campaign to become Erie County Executive. In 1999, he began work for Erie County in the field of minority contract compliance (Office for Erie County Equal opportunity EEO). From 2004, under New York State Governor George E. Pataki, he was offered to work at the office of New York State Human Rights Equal Opportunity Compliance in the Department of transportation (NYDOT) as enforcer of civil rights programs. His mandate was to ensure equal access and compliance with external civil rights programs and services. To eliminate barriers that prevents individuals from realizing their full potential and to promote equal employment opportunity in the recruitment, hiring, development and retention of a highly skilled, public-centered workforce.  Mohamed was an active member of the community. He was Board chair of BIREC (Buffalo Immigrant & Refugee Empowerment Coalition). BIREC is an organization that brings leaders of the various communities together

to work on common problems and develop solutions to issues related to immigrants and refugees. Mohamed was also the President of American Diversity of Buffalo. This is an organization dedicated to assisting local political candidates. Before the appointment of Mohamed to Prime

Minister position, they have endorsed such candidates in Buffalo city like judge James Macleod for County Court, New York State assembly Bill Stackowski, Buffalo City Counselor Glombek for State Assembly in Buffalo city.

Mohamed has a Master’s degree in Political Science from SUNY Buffalo (State University of New York). He is married and has four children- two girls and two boys. he was born in Mogadishu

                                         H:E Farmaajo will make Somalia great again.

Abdirahman Warsame 

Executive Director of the Terror Free Somalia Foundation. 

fallow me at twitter @terrorfreesomali

http://www.americanthinker.com/author/abdirahman_warsame/

Somalia: 39 killed in suicide car bomb

Make Somalia Great Again Somalia newly elected President Mohamed Abdullahi Farmajo ia Already making progre

Somalia sees hope on the horizon, but US partnership is needed

The election of our new president, Mohamed Abdullahi "Farmajo" Mohamed, signals a progress and a continuing gradual departure from ethnic division. It heralds a new era of Somali unity. This peaceful transition of power further strengthens our commitment to fully adopt the principles of democracy.

The forthcoming effects of a secure and stable Somalia will ripple all throughout Africa, setting an example for other African nations to follow. A stable Somalia will secure a stable Horn of Africa — a region racked with crises that, if solved, can put an end to the cycle of violence and poverty off which extremism thrives.

The prevention and eradication of such extremism remains our priority. The Somali National Army and the African Union Mission to Somalia have succeeded in eliminating al-Shabaab insurgents in southern Somalia, and will continue to be vigilant and active in eradicating the extremist group from the country entirely. The United States and Somalia share this counterterrorism aim, and can continue to work together to bring forth a world free from the plague of al-Shabaab and al Qaeda, ultimately weakening other extremist groups in the process.

During his farewell address to the nation on Jan. 11, 1989, President Ronald Reagan referred to the United States as the "shining city upon a hill," as he did many times before. "[H]ow stands the city on this winter night?" he asked. "After 200 years, two centuries, she still stands strong and true to the granite ridge, and her glow has held no matter what storm. And she's still a beacon, still a magnet for all who must have freedom, for all the pilgrims from all the lost places who are hurtling through the darkness, toward home."

It is this image of America that all Somalis hold dear, as your nation has been a shining model for democracy, hope, liberty and rights. We Somalis have fought and shed our blood for the right to vote, the right to speak, the right to worship, the right to assemble and the right to live without fear or tyranny, and we have looked to America as both a model and an ally.

As a result, we call on the American people to reconsider the travel ban and work jointly with our new administration to implement new, innovative and effective vetting measures for Somalis wishing to travel to the United States.

Somalia longs to revitalize its relationship with the United States and envisions a new chapter in security, stability, economics and growth. There is no doubt about the challenges that lie ahead, but reconciliation and prosperity are achievable now more than ever.

It is only through cooperation that nations are able to thrive. This great feat of stability can only be accomplished through the commitment of the United States to partner with Somalia in tackling its greatest threats to security: al-Shabaab, piracy and corruption, all of which must be defeated.

An investment in the stability of Somalia is an investment in the global eradication of extremism. Once fully secure, Somalia stands ready to join the ranks of other nations committed to global recovery, security and prosperity.

Abdirahman y warsame  Executive Director Terror Free Somalia foundation 

Counter Terrorism Intelligence,